Abstrict A well has a downhole flow meter that is installed in a sub in
a string of tubing. The flow meter has a body having an external
profile that lands on a landing profile in the sub. The body has
a passage with a throat area of reduced diameter. Upstream and downstream
body ports in a side wall of the body are in fluid communication
with the throat area and a downstream portion of the passage downstream
of the throat area. Seals are located between the body and the sub,
defining an upstream annular chamber and a downstream annular chamber
surrounding the body, the chambers being in communication with the
upstream and downstream body ports. Upstream and downstream sub
ports in a side wall of the sub are in fluid communication with
the upstream and downstream chambers. A sensor circuit is in operative
engagement with the sub ports for determining a flow rate based
on a pressure difference sensed between the throat area and the
downstream portion of the passage in the body.
Claims I claim:
1. A well, comprising: a string of tubing suspended in the well
for flowing well fluid to a top of the well; a tubular sub having
threaded ends connected into the string of tubing, the sub having
a bore with a landing profile; a flow meter body lowered through
and retrieved from the string of tubing and which lands on the landing
profile, the flow meter body having a passage therethrough for the
well fluid flowing up the string of tubing; upstream and downstream
sub ports in a sidewall of the sub that are in fluid communication
with the passage at upstream and downstream points, respectively,
in the passage; and a sensor circuit in fluid communication with
the sub ports for determining a flow rate of the well fluid flowing
through the passage based on a pressure difference between the upstream
and downstream points.
2. The well according to claim 1 wherein the upstream point in
the passage is located within a throat of reduced diameter.
3. The well according to claim 1 further comprising an upstream
tube extending from the upstream sub port to the sensor circuit
to communicate fluid pressure at the upstream point to the sensor
circuit, and a downstream tube extending from the downstream sub
port to the sensor circuit to communicate fluid pressure at the
downstream point to the sensor circuit.
4. The well according to claim 1 further comprising a fishing
neck on an upper end of the flow meter body for engagement by a
fishing tool to retrieve the flow meter body from the sub and through
the string of tubing.
5. The well according to claim 1 further comprising a seal that
seals an exterior portion of the flow meter body to the sub.
6. The well according to claim 1 further comprising: an upstream
body port extending from the passage through a sidewall of the flow
meter body adjacent to the upstream point; a downstream body port
extending from the passage through the sidewall of the flow meter
body adjacent to the downstream point; and a plurality of seals
on the exterior of the flow meter body that seal the body to the
sub, the seals being axially spaced apart to define an upstream
chamber in fluid communication with the upstream sub port and a
downstream chamber in fluid communication with the downstream fluid
port.
7. The well according to claim 1 wherein the landing profile comprises
a tapered surface.
8. The well according to claim 1 wherein the passage comprises:
a converging section; a throat area joining and downstream of the
converging section; a diverging section joining and downstream of
the throat area; wherein the upstream sub port is in fluid communication
with the throat area; and fthe downstream sub port is in fluid communication
with the diverging section.
9. In a well having a casing and a string of tubing, the improvement
comprising: a sub in the string of tubing, the sub having a bore
containing a landing profile; a flow meter body having an external
profile that lands on the landing profile and a passage therethrough,
the passage having a throat area of reduced diameter; upstream and
downstream body ports in a side wall of the body that are in fluid
communication with the throat area and a downstream portion of the
passage downstream of the throat area; seals located between the
body and the sub defining an upstream annular chamber and a downstream
annular chamber surrounding the body, the chambers being in communication
with the upstream and downstream body ports, respectively; upstream
and downstream sub ports in a side wall of the sub that are in fluid
communication with the upstream and downstream chambers, respectively;
and a sensor circuit in operative engagement with the sub ports
for determining a flow rate based on a pressure difference sensed
between the throat area and the downstream portion of the passage
in the body.
10. The well according to claim 9 further comprising: an upstream
tube extending from the upstream sub port to the sensor circuit
to communicate fluid pressure at the upstream chamber to the sensor
circuit, and a downstream tube extending from the downstream sub
port to the sensor circuit to communicate fluid pressure at the
downstream chamber to the sensor circuit.
11. The well according to claim 9 wherein the sensor circuit is
located at an upper end of the well, and wherein the well further
comprises: an upstream tube extending alongside the tubing from
the upstream sub port to the sensor circuit to communicate fluid
pressure at the upstream chamber to the sensor circuit; a downstream
tube extending alongside the tubing from the downstream sub port
to the sensor circuit to communicate fluid pressure at the downstream
chamber to the sensor circuit.
12. The well according to claim 9 further comprising a fishing
neck on a upper end of the flow meter body for engagement by a fishing
tool to retrieve the flow meter body from the sub.
13. The well according to claim 9 wherein the landing profile
comprises a tapered surface.
14. The well according to claim 9 wherein the passage comprises:
a converging section upstream from and joining the throat area;
a diverging section joining and downstream of the throat area; wherein
the downstream sub port is in fluid communication with the diverging
section.
15. The well according to claim 9 further comprising: an electrically
driven submersible pump suspended below the sub, the pump discharging
into the sub.
16. A method of measuring flow rate within a well, comprising:
(a) connecting a tubular sub into a string of well tubing, the sub
having a bore with upstream and downstream sub ports extending through
its side wall; (b) placing a flow meter body in the sub, the flow
meter body having a passage therethrough; (c) lowering the tubing
into the well; (d) flowing well fluid upward through the sub, the
passage in the body and the tubing, the body being positioned in
the sub such that the upstream and downstream sub ports are in fluid
communication with the well fluid flowing through the passage at
upstream and downstream points, respectively; and (e) sensing a
difference between the fluid pressures at the sub ports and determining
a flow rate of the fluid flowing through the passage based on the
pressure difference sensed.
17. The method according to claim 16 further comprising lowering
a wireline through the tubing, engaging the body and retrieving
the body to the top of the well for repair or replacement.
18. The method according to claim 16 further comprising connecting
tubes from each of the sub ports to a sensor circuit located exterior
of the sub; and step (e) comprises fluid communicating the pressures
at the sub ports to the sensor circuit.
19. The method according to claim 16 further comprising connecting
a tube to each of the sub ports and extending the tubes alongside
the tubing to a sensor circuit located at the top of the well; and
step (e) comprises fluid communicating the pressures at the sub
ports to the sensor circuit.
20. The method according to claim 16 further comprising connecting
an electrically driven submersible pump to the tubing below the
sub; and step (d) comprises rotating the pump to pump fluid through
the flow meter body.
Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates in general to oil well production, and in
particular to a downhole flow meter for monitoring the flow of production
fluid flowing up the tubing.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many oil wells employ electrically driven submersible pumps to
pump the well fluid to the surface. In a typical well, the pump
and motor are suspended on a string of production tubing, and the
pump discharges the well fluid into the tubing. The pump may be
a centrifugal pump ("ESP") having a large number of impeller
and diffuser stages. A power cable extends alongside the tubing
to the motor for supplying three-phase power. Progressing cavity
pumps driven by downhole electrical motors are also used in some
wells.
It is common for an ESP unit to have pressure and temperature sensors
that transmit to the surface downhole pressure and temperature while
the ESP is operating. Usually the pressure and temperature signals
are superimposed on the motor power cable, and a surface electronic
unit will detect the signals and provide readings.
Another useful parameter for an operator of an ESP driven well
or a naturally flowing well is the flow rate of the well fluid.
A variety of different flow meters exist that can be used at the
surface for determining the flow rate at the surface. Downhole flow
meters for wells have been employed with well surveys or production
logging operations, particularly for natural pressure driven wells.
In production logging, typically a downhole flow meter is lowered
into the tubing on a cable. In one type, power is supplied to the
flow meter through a conductor in the cable, and signals are transmitted
to the surface while the well is allowed to flow. The downhole unit
could be battery powered. Typically, a well survey using a flow
meter is only performed periodically and for a short period of time.
Normally, operators do not install downhole flow meters for continuous
long term operation in ESP driven wells
The flow rate at the surface is easily measured, but may differ
from a flow rate measured downhole Downhole, free gas produced by
the well is more likely entrained in the well fluid or is in solution,
thus will not affect a downhole flow meter reading. At the surface,
much of the gas typically comes out of solution because of the lower
pressure. Gassy fluid flow rates can not be accurately or easily
monitored once the gas has come out of solution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In this invention, a flow meter is installed within a sub in the
production tubing. The sub has a bore with a landing profile for
receiving the flow meter body. The flow meter body has a passage
therethrough. The sub has upstream and downstream ports in its sidewall
that are in fluid communication with the flow meter passage at upstream
and downstream points. A sensor circuit is in fluid communication
with the sub ports for determining a flow rate of fluid flowing
through the flow meter passage based on a pressure difference between
the upstream and downstream points.
In the embodiment shown, the sensor circuit is located at the surface
of the well. A small diameter tube extends from each sub port alongside
the production tubing to the surface for communicating the pressure
differential. Alternately, the sensor circuit could be located downhole
and transmit its signals on the power cable.
Preferably, the passage in the flow meter body has a throat area
and a diverging area that joins and is downstream from the throat
area. A port extends through the side wall of the flow meter body
at the throat area. Another port extends through the side wall of
the flow meter body in the diverging area. Seals are located on
the exterior of the body for sealing to the bore of the sub. The
seals are positioned to define an annular upstream chamber surrounding
the throat port and a downstream chamber surrounding the port in
the diverging area.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating an electrical submersible
pump assembly located within a well and having a downhole retrievable
flow meter in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the flow meter of FIG.
1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 1 the well has a casing 11 containing a set
of perforations 13 to allow fluid flow from an earth formation into
casing 11. An electrical submersible pump assembly ("ESP")
15 is suspended in casing 11.
ESP assembly 15 includes a pump 17 which is typically a centrifugal
pump having a large number of stages of impellers and diffusers
and an intake 18. Alternately, pump 17 could be a progressive cavity
pump utilizing a helical rotor that rotates within a helical elastomeric
stator. Pump 17 is connected on its lower end to a seal section
19. An electrical motor 21 mounts to the lower end of seal section
19. Motor 21 rotates a shaft that is coupled to shafts (not shown)
in seal section 19 and pump 17 for driving pump 17. Motor 21 is
filled with a dielectric lubricant, and seal section 19 equalizes
the lubricant pressure with the hydrostatic pressure in well casing
11.
A string of tubing 23 extends from ESP assembly 15 to the surface.
Tubing 23 is typically production tubing made up of sections of
tubing about thirty feet in length that are secured together by
threads. A flow meter sub 24 is mounted in the string of tubing
23 preferably at the upper end of pump 17. Flow meter sub 24 contains
a retrievable flow meter 25 for determining the flow rate of the
well fluid being discharged by pump 17. Flow meter 25 is preferably
a venturi-type. Upstream and downstream capillary tubes 27 29 extend
alongside tubing 23 and monitor a pressure drop through flow meter
25 to calculate the flow rate. Tubes 27 29 communicate with a sensor
circuit 30 that is shown at the surface in this embodiment. Sensor
circuit 30 provides a display of the flow rate based on the pressure
difference sensed.
Referring to FIG. 2 flow meter 25 has a tubular body 31 that lands
within flow meter sub 24. Body 31 has a flow passage extending through
it that has a first section 33 that is conical, with a minimum diameter
or throat 34 at its upper or downstream end. Throat 34 joins a second
section 35. Second section 35 is conical, but diverges from throat
34 in a downstream direction. In this embodiment, second section
35 has a length much shorter than first section 33. A third section
37 extends from second section 35 and is cylindrical in this embodiment.
Optionally, the passage could also include a fourth section 39 that
is slightly flared.
A landing profile 41 comprising an upward facing tapered shoulder
is located in flow meter sub 24. Body 31 has a mating landing profile
43 that lands on profile 41. The engagement creates a wedging fit
that is sufficient to resist body 31 being dislodged by upward flowing
fluid being discharged from pump 17. A fishing neck 45 at the upper
end of body 31 allows flow meter 25 to be engaged by a fishing tool
and pulled to the surface.
A throat pressure port 47 extends laterally through the sidewall
of body 31 from throat 34. A downstream pressure port 49 is located
above throat pressure port 47 in third portion 37 of the passage.
A first seal 51 seals between the outer diameter of body 31 and
the exterior of flow meter sub 24 at a point upstream or below first
pressure port 47. A second seal 53 seals between the outer diameter
of body 31 and flow meter sub 24 at a point between pressure ports
47 49. A third seal 55 seals between body 31 and the inner diameter
of flow meter sub 24 at a point above downstream pressure port 49
and below seating profile 43.
Seating profiles 41 43 are located for communicating tube 27 with
throat pressure port 47 and the annular chamber created between
first and second seals 51 53. Similarly, second tube 29 communicates
with downstream pressure port 49 and the annular chamber created
by seals 53 55. Tubes 27 29 convey the pressure difference to
sensor circuit 30 which is located at the surface in this embodiment.
During installation, an operator lowers ESP assembly 15 on tubing
23. The operator also lowers pressure sensing tubes 27 29 at the
same time. Preferably, flow meter 25 will be installed within tubing
23 while still at the surface, then lowered along with tubing 23.
Alternately, flow meter 25 could be lowered into tubing 23 on a
wireline and landed in profile 41.
During operation, the operator supplies electrical power to pump
motor 21 via a power cable (not shown), leading from motor 21 to
a power supply at the surface. Pump motor 21 rotates pump 17 causing
fluid from perforations 13 to flow up tubing 23. As the well fluid
flows through the passage of flow meter 25 a pressure drop will
occur in throat 34 relative to third passage section 37. The pressure
drop is communicated to sensor circuit 30 via tubes 27 29. Circuit
30 senses the pressure difference and computes a flow rate based
on the pressure difference and various parameters provided. Sensor
circuit 30 provides a readout and optionally may include a transmitter
that transmits the information in digital or analog format to a
central location.
As another alternative, pressure sensing tubes 27 29 could lead
to a downhole circuit that converts the pressure difference to an
electrical signal that is superimposed on the power cable and transmitted
to the surface. For example, the downhole circuit could be located
in a housing (not shown) on the lower end of motor 21. The housing
might also contain pressure and temperature monitoring sensors and
circuitry. At the surface, the signal could be picked off the power
cable and transmitted to a central location.
The invention has significant advantages. The downhole flow meter
provides more accurate readings of flow rate than a surface flow
meter, particularly for gassy well fluids. The flow meter operates
continuously, and in the preferred embodiment, has no moving parts.
There is no requirement for a cable to extend down the tubing to
supply power to the flow meter. The flow meter can be retrieved
on wireline for maintenance or replacement without having to pull
the tubing or pump.
While the invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it
should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so
limited but is susceptible to various changes without departing
from the scope of the invention. For example, although shown with
an ESP unit, the flow meter could be employed in a natural pressure
driven, or flowing well. |