Abstrict A probe type magnetic flow meter is arranged for accurate measurement
in environments which exhibit debris especially debris which is
of a character which may tend to cling to the probe. The probe,
which has a longitudinal axis, is mounted to be immersed in the
flowing liquid medium, and is constrained by a coupling so that
the angle between the longitudinal axis and a direction perpendicular
to direction of flow of the flowing medium is an acute angle of
at least a predetermined magnitude, for example, at least 45.degree..
Typically, the probe may be attached to a mounting collar or rod
which is, in turn, supported by an adapter which may then be slip-fit
into a pipe and some or all of these components, in addition to
the probe itself, may be immersed in the flowing liquid medium.
The leading edge of all apparatus immersed in the flowing liquid
medium is arranged in such a way that debris contacting this apparatus
is subjected to natural force from the flowing liquid medium resulting
in motion of the debris in a direction generally parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the transducer until the debris reaches the
furthest extent of the probe and is shed. Embodiments are disclosed
wherein the probe measures velocity and open channel flow or in
pressure flow, for example, in a full conduit.
Claims What is claimed is:
1. An electromagnetic flow sensor capable of debris shedding for
accurate flow measurement in environments which include rigid or
non-rigid debris comprising:
a rigid support,
a flow transducer, having a longitudinal axis, adapted to be immersed
in a moving liquid medium flowing in a defined direction, said flow
transducer including at least a pair of electrodes, said at least
a pair of electrodes lying on a line perpendicular to said axis,
coupling means coupling said flow transducer to said support for
maintaining an acute angle at least equal to a predetermined quantity
greater than zero between said longitudinal axis and a perpendicular
to said defined direction,
a leading edge of said flow transducer and those portions of said
coupling means adapted to be immersed in said medium shaped to result
in motion of the debris contacting said leading edges in a direction
generally parallel to said longitudinal axis and away from said
rigid support whereby debris contacting said leading edges is shed
thereby.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said moving liquid medium is
constrained in an enclosed pipe, said rigid support comprising a
pipe mount integral with said pipe and including a passage therethrough
for said flow transducer and coupling means, said passage and pipe
mount maintaining said flow transducer orientation.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said rigid support includes
valve means and rigidly mounted thereto, a cylindrical tube within
which said coupling means is restrained, said cylindrical tube inclined
at said angle.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said medium is in an open channel,
said rigid support suspended above an upper surface of said medium
and including means defining said angle.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said angle is at least 45.degree..
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said angle is between 45.degree.
and 60.degree..
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said leading edge is free of
detents and/or notches capable of trapping debris therein against
natural flow forces exerted by said moving medium.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said leading edge is viewed
as a directed line segment, has no components opposite said direction
of flow.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said coupling means further
includes nozzle means for directing a scrubbing flow against said
flow transducer.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said scrubbing flow comprises
a fluid selected from a group consisting of air, water and steam.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said flow transducer includes
a removably mounted component including at least said leading edge.
Description FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to flow measurement devices of the
magnetic type.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The measurement of fluid velocity has been accomplished employing
a variety of devices one of which is the magnetic flow meter. Magnetic
flow meters are employed where the fluid whose velocity is to be
measured is minimally conductive and employ the Faraday principle.
In particular, a magnetic field is generated and sensing electrodes
are provided to sense a voltage induced therein which can then be
processed to obtain a measure of the fluid velocity. Magnetic flow
meters come in two general forms; in one form, the magnetic field
is generated by a magnet which surrounds the fluid flow, and in
another arrangement, the fluid flow surrounds the magnet generating
the magnetic field. The present invention deals with the latter
type of flow meter, an example of which is described in my prior
U.S. Pat. No. 3855858. This type of magnetic flow meter will be
referred to in this application as a probe type flow meter.
While the voltages induced in the electrodes in the probe are accurate
representations of the fluid velocity in the vicinity of the electrodes,
the user normally extrapolates from the flow meter readings to obtain
flow rates. For such flow rates to be accurate, the fluid velocity
in the vicinity of the probe should give an accurate indication
of the "average" flow velocity. One factor which will
prevent accurate extrapolation is local perturbations in the fluid
velocity in the vicinity of the probe. Such perturbations can arise
from a variety of sources, at least one of which is the probe itself
or the manner in which it is supported or mounted. In cases where
the probe is in an environment in which the flowing medium is non-homogeneous,
perturbations in the flow can arise as a result of the non-homogeneous
nature of the medium. One particularly significant non-homogeneous
medium in which flow meters may be used is waste water, sewage,
or the like which may include debris.
In those cases where debris is generally of limited mass and rigid,
while the debris may contact the flow meter and induce short term
perturbations in the flow velocity readings, such debris will not
usually introduce long term perturbations or errors. On the other
hand, where the debris is non-rigid, for example, cloth, strings,
or even partially dissolved particulate matter such as paper pulp,
the debris may cling or "stick" to the probe. Under such
circumstances, the velocity perturbations caused by such debris
may well introduce longer lasting errors in the flow meter signals.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a
magnetic type flow meter which is arranged so as to tend to shed
debris, even debris of the non-rigid type such as rags, cloth, strings,
or "sticky" semi-dissolved matter. Since environments
in which flow measurements are required, which include debris of
the type mentioned above can exist in open channel flow or in pressure
flow (such as in pipes) it is another object of the present invention
to provide a magnetic flow meter of the probe type which is arranged
to provide accurate flow measurements in flow of non-homogeneous
media in either open channel or pressure flow.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention meets these and other objects of the invention
by providing a probe type magnetic flow meter which may be of circular
cross section or steamlined which is mounted in a swept back configuration.
More particularly, the probe type flow meter has a longitudinal
axis, and it is mounted with a longitudinal axis of the flow meter
forming an acute angle of at least a predetermined magnitude with
a direction perpendicular to the direction of flow of the medium.
In open channel flows the probe may be supported on a rigid support
by a coupling means establishing the desired angle. In pressure
flow environments, a rigid support is provided through which the
probe is inserted into the pipe or the like, and it is the configuration
of the rigid support which determines the angle made by the probe
with the direction of fluid flow.
The minimum swept back angle is determined by the desirable function
produced thereby. More particularly, with zero sweep back, typically
employed in the prior art, clinging type debris impacting the probe
is maintained in contact with the probe as the result of the natural
force exerted by the flowing liquid, and there is no component of
this force which tends to move the debris off the probe or to cause
the debris to be "shed". As the sweep back angle is increased,
the force component tending to shed the debris increases and the
force component (frictional) tending to maintain the debris in contact
with the probe decreases. Depending upon the particular type of
debris, a sweep back angle is reached at which the force tending
to shed the debris exceeds the frictional force tending to maintain
the debris in contact with the probe. The sweep back angle is the
minimum usable sweep back angle. Usually a practical environment
will include different types of debris, and accordingly, the highest
minimum usable sweep back angle for the debris encountered in the
environment is necessary in order to assure that the probe will
shed debris. I have found that generally 45.degree. is sufficient,
although in certain instances, particularly where the debris is
"sticky" such as in paper pulp, the swept back angle should
be increased, for example, to 60.degree..
Inasmuch as debris may also come into contact with structures coupling
the probe to a support, these structures must also be configured
so as to facilitate debris shedding at least in the vicinity of
the sensor. Particularly important is the interface between different
coupling devices or portions thereof, and especially the leading
edge of such interfaces. Since the use of sweep back is to facilitate
debris shedding, care must be taken that the leading edge of the
probe as well as other apparatus with which debris may come in contact
does not prevent or inhibit debris shedding. Detents, depressions,
notches and the like can serve to inhibit or prevent debris shedding
by "trapping" debris. As a result, such detents, depressions,
notches and the like are to be avoided especially at the leading
edge of the probe as well as any other structures coupling the probe
to a support which may come into contact with debris.
Accordingly, the invention includes an electromagnetic flow sensor
capable of debris shedding for accurate flow measurement in environments
which include non-rigid debris, comprising a rigid support, a flow
transducer having a longitudinal axis adapted to be immersed in
a moving liquid medium flowing in a defined direction, coupling
means coupling the flow transducer to the support, the coupling
means limiting the flow transducer orientation to maintain the angle
between longitudinal axis of the flow transducer and a perpendicular
to the defined direction above a minimum angle with the leading
edge of the flow transducer as well as portions of the coupling
devices immersed in the medium shaped to facilitate debris shedding
as a result of forces exerted on the debris by the moving medium.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Several embodiments of the invention will now be described in further
detail in connection with the attached drawings in which like reference
characters identify identical apparatus and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a probe type flow transducer mounted for measuring
flow in a closed vessel through a pipe mount;
FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 except that the flow transducer is
mounted by a clamp-on sleeve;
FIG. 3 illustrates a streamlined flow transducer and collar;
FIG. 4 is a view of a similar streamlined flow transducer illustrating
the placement of scrubbing nozzles;
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate a flow transducer adapted to be mounted
in an open channel;
FIG. 6 is a further illustration of a flow transducer specifically
illustrating one mounting arrangement; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the sweep back angle, and
the manner in which the minimum swept back angle can be determined.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention relates to magnetic flow transducers adapted,
to measure a fluid flow in non-homogeneous environments, i.e., environments
in which the fluid flow includes solid or semi-dissolved rigid and
non-rigid particulate matter. As mentioned above, such matter may
disturb the flow measurement as it passes the flow transducer. This
effect is, however, transitory and therefore of minor significance.
On the other hand, especially with non-rigid and semi-dissolved
particulate matter, the matter can cling or "stick" to
the transducer surface or the surface of transducer supports. Under
those circumstances, the presence of the matter will disturb the
flow past the transducer, and it will do so for a relatively much
longer time than the transitory phenomena caused by such matter
merely moving past the flow transducer.
Conventional transducers, whether streamlined or not, are normally
inserted or supported in the moving medium with the longitudinal
axis of the transducer directed perpendicular to the direction of
flow. In this condition, the natural flow forces will tend to retain
a non-rigid or semi-dissolved matter on the transducer.
The present invention employs two techniques to assist the transducer
in "shedding" such objects. The transducer is inserted
and/or supported in the flow such that the transducer's longitudinal
axis forms an acute angle with a perpendicular to the flow direction,
and the angle is maintained above a predetermined minimum. A practical
value for the direction between the longitudinal axis of the transducer
and a direction perpendicular to fluid flow is 45.degree.; in some
circumstances, this may be increased to 60.degree.. This configuration,
hereinafter referred to as sweep back, assists in shedding any objects
which contact the transducer. The natural flow forces, with the
transducer included as mentioned, have a component parallel to the
axis of the transducer. This force component assists in shedding
the objects as it tends to move the object along the transducer
surface until it reaches the tip of the transducer at which point
the object is "shed".
However, in order for this component of the natural flow forces
to be effective, there must be no detents, depressions, notches
or the like at the leading edge of the transducer or supporting
immersed structures which can "trap" debris and prevent
its being shed. If the leading edge of the transducer and supporting
immersed structures are viewed as a directed line, from the surface
of the medium or the point at which the structure enters the medium,
to the extreme tip of the flow transducer, then if the leading edge
is an unbroken straight line, objects impacting the transducer will
not be caught or trapped, and the natural flow forces will tend
to cause the debris to be shed. On the other hand, if the leading
edge is not a straight line, it should be of the "step-down"
variety in which the components of the leading edge can be resolved
into straight line segments none of which has any component directed
opposite the direction of flow. If the directed line segments which
make up the leading edge of the transducer and supporting structures
do have a component directed opposite the direction of flow, such
a profile will be hereinafter termed a "step-up" profile
which has a tendency to "trap" debris moving along the
leading edge of the transducer under natural flow forces. Such "step-up"
profile is to be avoided.
As is well known in the art, the operative components of the transducer
itself include a source of an electromagnetic field and at least
a pair of electrodes as well as a hydrodynamic shape enclosing the
source and electrodes and some means of connecting the voltages
sensed by the electrodes to a measuring device. Optionally, a power
source external to the transducer may be connected to the source
of the electromagnetic field for powering the same. The hydrodynamic
shape of the transducer itself can be either streamlined or non-streamlined,
and an example of a non-streamlined transducer is disclosed in the
previously mentioned patent.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a transducer arranged to measure flow
in a pressure flow situation, i.e., in a conduit or pipe. Thus,
as shown in FIG. 1 a pipe 10 has a fluid flowing in it in a direction
indicated by the arrow 20. A pipe mount 11 is welded onto the surface
of the pipe and integral therewith, and a hole is drilled through
the pipe mount as well as through the wall of the pipe. Fixedly
attached to the pipe mount is a ball valve 12 and attached to the
end of the ball valve 12 opposite the pipe mount is a cylinder 13.
The free end of the cylinder 13 includes a seal 16 and as is illustrated
in FIG. 1 the sensor collar and cable 17 emerge from the seal 16.
FIG. 1 illustrates the interior of the pipe as if it were transparent,
and shows the transducer 14 extending from the inner surface of
the pipe through the pipe mount 11. In the embodiment illustrated
in FIG. 1 the transducer is a streamlined transducer which includes
a pair of sensing electrodes, one of which, electrode 15 is illustrated.
As shown in FIG. 1 the longitudinal axis 21 of the transducer 14
makes an angle .theta. with a direction 22 perpendicular to the
direction of flow 20. This is the sweep back angle, and the embodiment
of FIG. 1 is determined by the angle at which the pipe mount is
canted onto the pipe.
Although the flow transducer itself is streamlined, the collar
therefor (not illustrated) which is rigidly supported in the pipe
mount 11 ball valve 12 and cylinder 13 need not be streamlined
and can, for example, be a cylinder of circular cross section and
typically the steamlined flow transducer is faired into the circular
cylindrical support. The ball valve 12 (or equivalent) allows extraction
of the sensor from pipe 10 without the flowing medium leaking from
the hole in the pipe wall at the location of the pipe mount 11.
FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment for employing the flow transducer
in a pressure flow situation, i.e., in a closed conduit 10. As shown
in FIG. 2 the same ball valve 12 cylinder 13 seal 16 and cable
17 are illustrated. However, the canted pipe mount 11 is now emplaced
on a pipe repair sleeve 18. The clamp-on sleeve 18 has an internal
diameter equal to the outside diameter of the conduit or pipe 10
and is maintained in close fitting relationship therewith by means
of bolts 19 and fittings therefor integral with sleeve 18. Entrance
through the sleeve and pipe wall is through a fitting integral with
the sleeve, illustrated in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3 is a view of a flow transducer and collar or rod 23. As
illustrated in FIG. 3 the flow transducer 14 is streamlined and
includes a detection electrode 15 spaced from the outer extremity
of the flow transducer by a distance illustrated by reference character
24. The streamlined flow transducer shape is faired into the circular
cross section of the collar 23. Also illustrated in FIG. 3 is the
cable 17 exiting from one end of the collar 23. This cable is employed
for necessary electrical connections. The collar 23 need not be
of circular cross-section, although, if it is, sealing in the ball
valve 12 can employ a circular O-ring. Since non-circular sealing
structures are available the collar 23 can have any cross section
which can be sealed to.
Typical parameters for the transducer 14 and rod 23 are a 7/8 inch
diameter for the collar 23 which is 25 inches long (collar length
varies with the application). The streamline portion of the transducer
14 is six inches long and the electrode 15 is 11/2 inches from the
extremity of the transducer.
FIGS. 5A and 5B relate to open channel installations, i.e., where
the flowing medium has an exposed upper surface, such as the surface
35 shown in FIG. 5B. FIG. 5B illustrates, in schematic form, the
supports for the transducer in relation to the exposed upper surface
35 of the open channel. More particularly, a rigid support 40 mounted
to means not shown, has a freely pivotable joint 41 coupling the
support to a pipe holder 42. The support for the transducer itself,
not illustrated in FIG. 5B, is a pipe 43 coupled to the pipe holder
42. By reason of the pivotable joint 41 the pipe 43 and the flow
transducer attached at its free end is capable of achieving any
angle .theta. with respect to a perpendicular to the direction of
flow. However, a further coupling device including, for example,
a U-bolt clamp 44 a support 45 which can be a rigid rod or a chain,
turn buckle 46 and a support 47 are arranged to maintain the angle
.theta. at least equal to the predetermined minimum.
FIG. 5A is a more detailed illustration of the foregoing components,
particularly illustrating the portion of the apparatus below the
free upper surface 35 of the flowing medium. More particularly,
as is illustrated in FIG. 5A, the pipe 43 which may be for example,
a one inch schedule 40 pipe is fitted to an adapter 50. Into the
adapter 50 is inserted the collar 23 which supports the transducer
14.
As illustrated in FIG. 5A, the outside diameter of the adapter
50 is greaterthan the outside diameter of the rod 23 thus achieving
a "step-down" configuration which does not present any
depressions, notches or detents capable of "trapping"
debris and preventing it from being shed by the sweep back. The
interface between the adapter 50 and the pipe 43 is, as illustrated
in FIG. 5A, smooth, i.e., the outside diameters are substantially
equal. If the interface between the adapter 50 and the pipe 43 is
to be immersed in the flowing liquid, it is essential that the outside
diameter of the adapter 50 not be greater than the outside diameter
of pipe 43 otherwise were this interface below the medium surface,
it would present a notch or detent which is capable of trapping
debris.
As illustrated in FIG. 5A, the interface between rod 23 and the
leading edge of the sensor 14 presents no change in leading edge
outside diameter. Of course, if desired, a "step-down"
change could be employed much as the step-down which is illustrated
in the adapter 50 at its joint with the rod 23. To be avoided, of
course, is a "step-up".
FIG. 7 illustrates the geometry and the manner in which the minimum
angle .theta. is determined. More particularly, as shown in FIG.
7 the transducer 14' (which may be steamlined or nonstreamlined)
has a longitudinal axis 30 and is immersed in flowing liquid medium
which has a direction of flow 20. Theta is the angle between the
axis 30 and a direction 31 perpendicular to the flow 20. The natural
flow forces exerted on the surface of the transducer 14' are represented
by vector 32 having direction and magnitude. This force can be resolved
into two components. A first component 33 is perpendicular to the
axis 30 and a second component 34 parallel thereto. It is the component
34 which assists in shedding debris in that the force tends to move
the object toward the tip of the transducer at which point it can
be shed. On the other hand, the component 33 provides a frictional
force opposing the component 34. If we denote the frictional coefficient
as .mu. then desirably 32 .mu. cosine .theta. should be smaller
than 32 sine .theta.. This results in the relationship that tangent
.theta. should be greater than .mu. and thus a minimum angle .theta.
is thereby defined. As mentioned above, 45.degree. appears to be
a preferable direction, although angle .theta. may be increased
to 60.degree. for semi-dissolved particulate matter, which may be
"sticky" such as those found in paper pulp.
FIG. 6 illustrates in greater detail flow transducer 14 collar
23 and adapter 50. As shown, set screws 65 maintain the collar 23
and adapter 50 in united condition. To prevent any depressions,
notches, detents or the like especially in leading edges, the set
screws 65 are depressed beneath the outer surface of adapter 50.
Of particular interest is the interface 66 between collar 23 and
transducer 14; 67 between collar 23 and adapter 50; and 68 between
adapter 50 and pipe 43. The latter two interfaces 67 and 68 are
of the "step-down" variety, while the former is smooth.
Two further techniques can be employed to assist in an accurate
measurement of flows in various non-homogeneous environments. One
technique, illustrated in FIG. 4 is to provide a scrubbing flow
from nozzles 60 and 61 in the rod 23. The nozzles may communicate
with interior tubes to a source of scrubbing fluid such as water,
air or even steam. Based on empirical study, the scrubbing flow
may be allowed to proceed on a timed basis by opening and closing
a valve between a source of scrubbing fluid and the nozzles 60 and
61. The nozzles are shaped and aimed such that the scrubbing flow
exiting from the nozzles in the presence of the flow 20 of the medium
will exert a scrubbing or cleaning action in the vicinity of the
electrodes 15 on the transducer 14. In line with the previous discussion,
the nozzles 60 61 and housing should not present a "step-up"
profile capable of "trapping" debris.
A second technique which is particularly useful in corrosive environments
is to employ a flow transducer 14 and perhaps rod 23 having replaceable
surfaces. The replaceable surface may be the leading edge as shown
in FIG. 7 at 14', or may be a larger surface. Again, based on empirical
studies, depending upon the particular corrosive environment, the
replaceable surfaces may be replaced before the flow transducer's
performance is sufficiently degraded to affect the measurements
being conducted.
Although not illustrated herein, non-streamlined sensors can be
used in place of the illustrated streamlined sensors. The preferable
streamlined sensor has a conventionally rounded leading edge and
sharper trailing edge.
If non-streamlined sensors are employed it is important to ensure
that appurtenant supports not present "step-up" profiles.
A counter-indication for non-streamlined sensors is that it tends
to shed Karman vortices with a periodicity proportional to flow
velocity. The resulting effect is to subject the sensor to transverse
vibrating forces. This is not fatal to use of these sensors but
they must be arranged with sufficient rigidity to withstand such
transverse forces.
There is an optimum distance of penetration of a pipe for accuracy
in flow measurement, which distance is a function of pipe diameter.
By providing adjustability of the penetration of the pipe mount
by the sensor and collar combination optimum measurement conditions
can be attained. Because the seal or other securing means for the
sensor and collar may be loosened and tightened to permit axial
adjustment of the penetration of the pipe by the sensor, the invention
facilitates the attainment of optimum measuring positions. |